The cartesian plane will help to get an imagination of the function and sometimes spares you even calculating roots if you see that there are none. But in general you would use a formula for quadratic equations to get a root of that.
In case of the denominator you can already see the results by looking at this:
x^3 - x
=(x+1)(x-1)x
You have two cases that make your inequation true:
1. denominator > 0 and numerator >= 0
2. denominator and numerator < 0
I ad a full course of it last semester.
I didn't have a full course, but several courses that did discrete mathematics like cryptography, probability calculus and statistics, numerical mathematics, algebra 1 and 2, algorithms and datastructures, and theoretical computer science.